Balkenkreuz Balken Cross WWII German Wehrmacht ball cap

The Balkenkreuz (bar cross) is a straight-armed cross that was first introduced in 1916–1918 and later became the emblem of the Wehrmacht (German Armed Forces) and its branches from 1935 until the end of World War II. It was used by the Wehrmacht Heer (Army), Luftwaffe (Air Force), and Kriegsmarine (Navy).

Balkenkreuz symbol is based on the cross of the Teutonic Order. Germany’s Luftstreitkräfte (the army air service of the German Imperial Army) first officially adopted the Balkenkreuz in mid-April 1918 (about a week before the death of Manfred von Richthofen), and used it from that time until World War I ended in November 1918.

Its use resumed, with new standardized dimensions, from the beginning of the Nazi Germany’s air force (the Luftwaffe) in 1935, as part of the new Wehrmacht unified German military forces founded in mid-March 1935. German armored fighting vehicles (AFVs) during the invasion of Poland (September–October 1939) used a plain white cross, but before the onset of Operation Weserübung (April 1940), the black core cross with white “flanks” that the Luftwaffe used had become the basic German AFV national insignia, as used for the rest of the war (to 1945).

one with narrower white “flanks” on upper wing surfaces – before July 1939, it was used in all six regular positions on an airframe
one with wider white “flanks” surrounding the same width (25% wide as long from end to end for both versions) central black cross beneath the wings and on the fuselage sides of German military aircraft during the war years
Late in World War II it became increasingly common for the Balkenkreuz national insignia to be painted on without the black-color “core cross”, using only the quartet of right-angled “flanks” for its form to reduce its visibility – this could be done in either white or black, and with both the narrow and wide-flank forms of the cross.

The style of Balkenkreuz used by the Third Reich’s Luftwaffe on the lower surfaces of aircraft wings and on the fuselage sides, drawn with the official proportions specified by the Reich Air Ministry just before the outbreak of World War II in 1939. Such dimensions were also the basis of the “low-visibility” version of this marking used late in World War II by the Luftwaffe, using only the “flanks” of the marking shown in white for this regulation example. German armored fighting vehicles (AFVs) during the invasion of Poland (September-October 1939) used a plain white cross, but before the onset of Operation Weserübung (April 1940), the black core cross with white “flanks” that the Luftwaffe used had become the basic German AFV national insignia, as used for the rest of the war (to 1945).